"Success = talent + luck. Great success = a little more talent + a lot of luck.""成功 = 才能 + 运气。巨大的成功 = 多一点才能 + 大量的运气。"— Daniel Kahneman,《Thinking, Fast and Slow》Ch.19
"Mild success can be explainable by skills and labor. Wild success is attributable to variance.""小成功能用技能和努力解释,狂胜则要归于方差(运气)。"— Nassim Taleb,《Fooled by Randomness》
经典案例:Wald 的飞机
二战:军方想给弹孔最密的部位加装甲。统计学家 Abraham Wald 说你看反了——你只统计了飞回来的飞机;这些部位中弹还能返航,说明它们不致命。真正要加固的是返航机上几乎没弹孔的地方(引擎),因为中弹那里的飞机根本没回来。
"The real reason... is our inability to distinguish between confidence and competence.""真正的原因……是我们分不清自信与能力。"— Tomas Chamorro-Premuzic,《Why Do So Many Incompetent Men Become Leaders?》
Tomas Chamorro-Premuzic,《Why Do So Many Incompetent Men Become Leaders?》— 自信被误当能力的代价。 Adam Grant,《Think Again》— "confident humility":对能力有信心、对当下判断保持可被推翻。
PRINCIPLE 04
把运气写进复盘:分开决策质量与结果
Write Luck Into the Postmortem — Separate Decision From Outcome
Resulting决策复盘Annie Duke
一句话原则
最贵的错误是"赢了就以为当初判断对、输了就骂当初判断错"——Annie Duke 叫它 resulting(以结果论决策)。好结果可能来自坏决策(走运),坏结果可能来自好决策(背运)。复盘要分两个轴:决策质量 × 结果。
名家原话
"Resulting: our tendency to equate the quality of a decision with the quality of its outcome.""Resulting:我们倾向于把决策的好坏,等同于结果的好坏。"— Annie Duke,《Thinking in Bets》Ch.1
Annie Duke,《Thinking in Bets》(Ch.1 "Life Is Poker, Not Chess")— resulting 与决策日志。 Daniel Kahneman,《Thinking, Fast and Slow》(Ch.19 "The Illusion of Understanding")— 后见之明偏差如何扭曲复盘。