"Most people do not listen with the intent to understand; they listen with the intent to reply.""大多数人倾听不是为了理解,而是为了回应。"— Stephen Covey,《The 7 Habits of Highly Effective People》Habit 5
Otto Scharmer,《Theory U》— 倾听四层(downloading / factual / empathic / generative)的原始框架。 Stephen Covey,《The 7 Habits》(Habit 5 "Seek First to Understand")— "移情式倾听"与"自传式回应"的区分。
PRINCIPLE 02
高风险判断前,逼出隐藏前提
Surface the Hidden Premise Before You Commit
"Rather than asking 'What do I believe?', the more powerful question is 'What would have to be true for this option to be a wonderful choice?'""与其问'我相信什么',更有力的问题是'什么必须为真,这个选项才会是个绝妙的选择?'"— Roger Martin & A.G. Lafley,《Playing to Win》(逆向假设法)
Roger Martin & A.G. Lafley,《Playing to Win》—"What would have to be true?"(反向工程假设)一章。 Charlie Munger—"Invert, always invert."(反过来想,总是反过来想);以及 steelman 原则:先把对方论点构造到最强,再去攻它。
"Every business plan begins with a set of assumptions. The most important assumptions are the 'leap-of-faith' ones—on which everything else depends. Test them first.""每个计划都始于一组假设。最重要的是那些'跳跃式信念'假设——其余一切都依赖它们。先测它们。"— Eric Ries,《The Lean Startup》(leap-of-faith assumptions)
"We live in a world of self-generating beliefs that remain largely untested. We adopt those beliefs because they are based on conclusions, which are inferred from what we observe, plus our past experience.""我们活在一个自我生成、却大多未经检验的信念世界里。我们采信它们,是因为它们建立在结论之上——而结论又是从我们的观察加上过往经验推断出来的。"— Chris Argyris「推理之梯」,引自 Peter Senge,《The Fifth Discipline》
Female Leader's Note
研究显示,同样一句话,女性的发言更容易被归为"个人意见/情绪",男性的则被归为"分析/事实"——这正是"事实 vs 价值"被误贴标签的性别版本。对策:发言时主动给自己的话挂上类别,"这是可查证的数据点,不是偏好,我们可以核";以及当别人的事实判断被当成"她的感觉"时替其正名,"这是数据,不是情绪,按数据走"。
关键参考
Chris Argyris「推理之梯」/ Peter Senge,《The Fifth Discipline》— 从观察爬到结论的认知阶梯,以及"显化推理、平衡主张与探询"。 David Hume— "is–ought" 鸿沟:事实陈述(is)无法直接推出价值主张(ought),二者性质不同,须分开处理。
会,尤其在高权力距离的团队里。对平级用"要让这成立得有哪几条为真"是协作,对老板用同一句可能被听成质疑。对策是改措辞与归属:把前提挂在"我自己没想清楚"上——"我想确认我理解对了,这判断是不是依赖 X 成立?我担心 X 这块还没数据。"用请教而非审讯的姿态,既验了前提,又给老板台阶。前提解构是技术动作,包装它的政治外壳要随对象切换。